However, the fundamental principles and constraints that subserve the intricate timing and specificity of these time-evolving patterns of synchrony are not well understood ( 6). In the past decade, the rise of network neuroscience approaches ( 4) have demonstrated a foundational role for partial synchrony among separate cognitive subnetworks, where the underlying architecture of the brain ensures efficient integration of sensory input with stored knowledge while also segregating task-irrelevant information to support cognition ( 5). This is particularly true in the human brain, where patterns of neurophysiological activity evolve rapidly, showing transient domains of synchronization across subsets of brain regions ( 2). In many systems, states of partial synchrony have been observed, where a system organizes in separate domains of synchronized elements ( 2, 3). However, the emergence of complete system-wide synchronization might not always provide the best description of system dynamics. Rhythmic behavior is ubiquitous in complex systems, and a diverse set of research has examined how interacting system elements come together to form synchronized, coherent behavior across domains that span biological, social, and engineered settings ( 1). Our results suggest a classification of cognitive systems into four groups with differing levels of subject and regional variability that reflect their different functional roles. We analyze these emergent patterns within our framework to understand the impact of subject-specific and region-specific structural variability on brain dynamics. Using personalized brain network models, we systematically study how regional brain stimulation produces different patterns of synchronization across predefined cognitive systems. We propose that the spatial patterning of these states plays a fundamental role in the cognitive organization of the brain and present a cognitively informed, chimera-based framework to explore how large-scale brain architecture affects brain dynamics and function. As different regions dynamically interact to perform cognitive tasks, variable patterns of partial synchrony can be observed, forming chimera states. The human brain is a complex dynamical system, and how cognition emerges from spatiotemporal patterns of regional brain activity remains an open question.
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